A Origem Judaica dos Brasileiros (The Origin of The Brazilian Jews), by Jose Geraldo Rodrigues de Alckmin Filho

This publication contains a list of 517 Sephardic families punished by the inquisition in Portugal and Brazil.

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The Circumcision Register of Isaac and Abraham De Paiba (1715-1775) from the Archives of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation of Bevis Marks (London. England).

This register is from the manuscript record preserved in the Archives of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation of London named "Sahar Asamaim" transcribed, translated and edited by the late R.D. Barnett, with the assistance of Alan Rose, I.D. Duque and others; There is also a supplement with a record of circumcisions 1679-1699, marriages 1679-1689 and some female births 1679-1699, compiled by Miriam Rodrigues-Pereira. The register includes surnames of those circumsized as well as the names of their Godfathers & Godmothers.

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The Circumcision Register of Isaac and Abraham De Paiba (1715-1775) from the Archives of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation of Bevis Marks(London. England).

The circumcision register of Isaac and Abraham de Paiba (1715-1775): from the manuscript record preserved in the Archives of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation of London named "Sahar Asamaim" transcribed, translated and edited by the late R.D. Barnett, with the assistance of Alan Rose, I.D. Duque and others; There is also a supplement with a record of circumcisions 1679-1699, marriages 1679-1689 and some female births 1679-1699, compiled by Miriam Rodrigues-Pereira. The register includes surnames of those circumsized as well as the names of their Godfathers & Godmothers.

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Sephardic names from the magazine "ETSI". Most of the names are from (but not limited to) France and North Africa. Published by Laurence Abensur-Hazan and Philip Abensur.

ETSI (a Paris-based, bilingual French-English periodical) is devoted exclusively to Sephardic genealogy and is published by the Sephardi Genealogical and Historical Society (SGHS). It was founded by Dr. Philip Abensur, and his professional genealogist wife, Laurence Abensur-Hazan. ETSI's worldwide base of authors publish articles identifying a broad spectrum of archival material of importance to the Sephardic genealogist. A useful feature of ETSI is the listing, on the back cover, of all Sephardic family names, and places of origin, cited in the articles contained in each issue

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Surnames of Spanish-Portuguese Jews of Ecuador from The Jewish Sephardic Community "Bet Aharon"

In 1999, the first Spanish-Portugese Sephardic organization named "Agudath Sfarad of Loja", was established in Ecuador, by the initiative of Eng. Gerardo Ramirez Celi. The Sephardic Jewish community Bet Aharon arose in 2001 from this organization. The community's website provides a partial list of Sephardic surnames of Ecuador.

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The Abarbanel Foundation Website, "Reintegrating the Lost Jews of Spain & Portugal"

List of names of forcibly converted Jews who were tried by the Spanish Inquisition for practicing Judaism in Mexico in the years 1528 - 1815

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The Inquisitors and the Jews in the New World, by Seymour B. Liebman. Reports the names of people who appeared before the inquisition in El Peru.

Except for a brief introduction, the entire book is a listing of Inquisition Records in the New World. This is a source for converso names in the New World.

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The Inquisitors and the Jews in the New World, by Seymour B. Liebman. Reports the names of people who appeared before the inquisition in the New Spain

Except for a brief introduction, the entire book is a listing of Inquisition Records in the New World. This is a source for converso names in the New World.

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Sangre Judia (Jewish Blood) by Pere Bonnin. Flor de Viento, Barcelona, 2006. A list of 3,500 names used by Jews, or assigned to Jews by the Holy Office (la Santo Oficio) of Spain. The list is a result of a census of Jewish communities of Spain by the Catholic Church and as found in Inquisition records.

Pere Bonnin, a philosopher, journalist and writer from Sa Pobla (Mallorca), a descendant of converted Jews, settles with this work a debt "owed to his ancestors", in his own words. The book, written in a personal and accessible style and based on numerous sources, includes a review of basic Jewish concepts, Jewish history in Spain, and Christian Anti-Semitism. There is also a section that focuses on the reconciliation between the Church and Monarchy and the Jews, which took place in the 20th Century. In this study, Bonnin deals in depth with the issue of surnames of Jewish origin. In the prologue, the author explains the rules he followed in the phonetic transcription of surnames of Hebrew origin that are mentioned in the book. The researcher cites the Jewish origin, sometimes recognized and other times controversial, of historically prominent figures (like Cristobal Colon, Hernan Cortes, Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra and many others) and links between surnames of Jewish origin with some concepts in Judaism.. The book also includes an appendix with more than three thousands surnames "suspected" of being Jewish, because they appear in censuses of the Jewish communities and on the Inquisitorial lists of suspected practitioners of Judaism, as well as in other sources. In the chapter "Una historia de desencuentro", the author elaborates on surnames of Jewish origin of the royalty, nobility, artistocracy, clergy, and also of writers, educators and university teachers during the Inquisition. Special attention is given to the "Chuetas" of Mallorca, the birthplace of the author.

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Secrecy and Deceit: The Religion of the Crypto-Jews, by David Gitlitz

Despite the increased attention given to Hispano-Jewish topics, and the "conversos" or Crypto-Jews in particular, this is the first thorough compilation of their customs and practices. The author has culled from Inquisition documents and other sources to paint a portrait of the richness and diversity of Crypto-Jewish practices in Spain, Portugal, and the New World. The history of Spanish Jews, or Sephardim, stretches back to biblical times. The Jews of Spain and Portugal made formative contributions to all Hispanic cultures, the impact of which is first being measured and recognized today. The Sephardim experienced a Golden Age in Iberia between 900-1100, during which they acted as the intermediaries between the rival political and cultural worlds of Islam and Christianity. This Golden Age ended with the Reconquest of Spain by Catholic overlords, though for another 300 years the Jews continued to contribute to Iberian life. In 1391 and again in 1492, intense and violent social pressures were put upon the Jews to join the larger Christian community. Many Jews converted, often unwillingly. In 1492 the remaining Jews were exiled from Spain. The converted Jews (Conversos) became an underclass in Spanish society. Many of them clung tenaciously to Jewish practices in the face of torture and death at the hands of the Inquisition. Having lost contact with other Jews, these people developed a religion which was an admixture of Catholic and Jewish rituals. David Gitlitz examines these practices in detail and attempts to answer the question of whether the Conversos were in fact Jewish. Gitlitz's research is exhaustive. He has combed through thousands of Inquistion records, showing that a sense of "Jewishness" if not Jewish practice remained a core value of many Spaniards' lives well into the 1700s. Gitlitz is convincing in showing that the Inquisition unwittingly aided crypto-Jews in perpetuating themselves by publishing Edicts of Faith. Essentially checklists for informers, they described the behavior of "Judaizers" (sometimes the practices listed were absurd or simply erroneous). These, ironically, were used by Judaizers as guides to religious behavior. It is revealing that as the Inquisition faded, crypto-Judaism waned, though never totally vanished. Gitlitz's knowledge and research on the subject is encyclopedic. The book is written in a "textbook" style which makes it somewhat technical and dry, though it is enlivened by excerpts from Inquisition records, which Gitlitz has apparently chosen for their interest, irony, unintended comedy, or spiritedness. It is difficult to imagine that human beings would face the tortures of the rack for not eating pork. That these same tortured people could summon the will to laugh at their executioners is something wondrous. The book includes the names of the Sephardim (and sometimes their residences too).

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The Jews of New Spain, by Seymour B. Liebman

Professor Liebman endeavors to discover why, beginning in 1521, Jews migrated from Old Spain to New Spain. He then proceeds to document the persistence of Jewish life in the face of a new Spanish Inquisition and formalized suppression including forced conversion and exclusion from citizenship. The author concludes it was the religious, cultural and personal vitality of Jews that caused their cherished and proud identity to persist, even though most of the earliest Jewish migrants eventually did assimilate into Mexican society.

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The Jews of the Balkans, The Judeo-Spanish Community , 15th to 20th Centuries, by Esther Benbassa and Aron Rodrigue

This volume is a history of the Sephardi diaspora in the Balkans. The two principal axes of the study are the formation and features of the Judeo-Spanish culture area in South-Eastern Europe and around the Aegean littoral, and the disintegration of this community in the modern period. The great majority of the Jews expelled from Spain in 1492 eventually went to the Ottoman Empire. With their command of Western trades and skills, they represented a new economic force in the Levant. In the Ottoman Balkans, the Jews came to reconstitute the bases of their existence in the semi-autonomous spheres allowed to them by their new rulers. This segment of the Jewish diaspora came to form a certain unity, based on a commonality of the Judeo-Spanish language, culture and communal life. The changing geopolitics of the Balkans and the growth of European influence in the 19th century inaugurated a period of westernization. European influence manifested itself in the realm of education, especially in the French education, dispensed in the schools of the Alliance Israelite Universelle with its headquarters in Paris. Other European cultures and languages came to the scene through similar means. Cultural movements such as the Jewish Enlightenment (haskalah) also came to exert a distinct influence, hence building bridges between the Ashkenazi and Sephardi worlds

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Histoire des Juifs de Rhodes, Chio, Cos,(History of the Jews of Rhodes: Chio,Cos) by Professor Abraham Galante, published in Istanbul.

Abraham Galante (1873-1961) was first a teacher and an inspector in the Jewish Turkish Schools of Rhodes and Izmir. He conducted an active campaign for the adoption of the Turkish language by the Jews. In 1914, after the revolution of the Young Turks, Galante was appointed professor of Semitic languages and later of history of the Ancient Orient. His principal field of scientific activity was the study of the Jewish history in Turkey

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History of the Sephardic Israelite Community in Chile by Moshe Nes-El. Editorial Nascimiento, Chile, 1984.

Most Jews arrived in Chile between 1934–1946, half being from Eastern Europe, 40 percent from Germany, and 10 percent were Sephardic Jews. Many Chilean Jews fled Chile in 1970 after the election of socialist Salvador Allende Gossens as president.

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History of the Jews in Aragon, regesta and documents, 1213-1327, Hispania Judaica, v.1,by Jean Regne

A series of royal decrees by the House of Aragon.The approximately 3800 documents included in this book contain Sephardic names recorded during the period from 1213 to 1327.By this time family names were well developed. 

This is the richest documentary evidence ever published on Jews of any land. The Documents and Regesta from the Archives of Aragon, originally published in numerous volumes of the Revue des Ĕtudes Juives some five decades ago and now brought together for the first time, relate the story of one of the most important and fascinating medieval communities, one which produced great scientists linguists, translators and writers, financiers and businessmen, politicians and diplomats, scholars and Rabbis. Yet, the account remains essentially the life story of ordinary men and women from all classes and all walks of life. The extensive indexes and carefully - prepared tables, maps and glossary open new avenues for further historical research on the way they lived, the laws which governed them and the extensive lore which they produced.

Jean Regne(1883-1954) was an archivist and paleographer who published several historical works but his book on the Jews of Aragon based on the registers and documents found in the Crown of Aragon Archives is certainly the most important.

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Judios Conversos (Jewish Converts) by Mario Javier Saban. Distal, Buenos Aires, 1990. The ancestors of the Argentinian Jewish families.

This best-selling work traces the immigration of Conversos from Portugal to Argentina and Brazil. It contains many Sephardic names and family trees within its 3 volumes. Many of the individuals listed appeared before the Inquisition and were secret Jews. Some later converted and intermarried. Many of the names listed here represent the famous names of Jewish/Sephardic Argentina. Over 100 pages of genealogies, well detailed, are provided.

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List of (mostly) Sephardic brides from the publication, "List of 7300 Names of Jewish Brides and Grooms who married in Izmir Between the Years 1883-1901 & 1918-1933". By Dov Cohen.

Dov Cohen has created an index of brides and grooms based on the organization of Ketubot (Jewish wedding contracts) from marriages within the Turkish community of Izmir. From this material we can identify the Jewish families who lived in Turkey since the Spanish expulsion in 1492 in two periods: the end of the Ottoman Empire and the beginning of the secular government of Turkish Republic. Events of these periods forced this community to emigrate to America.

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List of (mostly) Sephardic grooms from the publication, "List of 7300 Names of Jewish Brides and Grooms who married in Izmir Between the Years 1883-1901 & 1918-1933". By Dov Cohen.

Dov Cohen has created an index of brides and grooms based on the organization of Ketubot (Jewish wedding contracts) from marriages within the Turkish community of Izmir. From this material we can identify the Jewish families who lived in Turkey since the Spanish expulsion in 1492 in two periods: the end of the Ottoman Empire and the beginning of the secular government of Turkish Republic. Events of these periods forced this community to emigrate to America.

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Apellidos de Judios Sefardies (Surnames of the Sephardic Jews) from the site Comunidad Judia Del Principado de Asturias

The Principality of Asturias (Spanish: Principado de Asturias - Asturian: Principáu d'Asturies) is an autonomous community within the kingdom of Spain, former Kingdom of Asturias in the Middle Ages. It is situated on the Spanish North coast facing the Cantabrian Sea (Mar Cantábrico, the Spanish name for the Bay of Biscay). The most important cities are the provincial capital, Oviedo, the seaport and largest city Gijón, and the industrial town of Avilés. No one knows the exact date at which Jews arrived in Asturias. Based solely on the documentation found so far in Asturias, there are clear references to the mid-eleventh century Council of Coyanza held in the Diocese of Oviedo in 1050 which states in Chapter VI: "... no Christian shall live in the same house with Jews or eat with them; if anyone infringes our constitution, they shall do penance for seven days, and if not willing to do it, being a noble person, they shall be deprived of communion for a full year, and if an inferior person they will receive a hundred lashes." But it is in the twelfth century when the rise and importance of the Jewish people is more noticeable in this region. Jewish witness signatures begin to appear more often on donation pledge cards from 1133. Asturias names are not very common among the Jewish population in other parts of the peninsula around the same time, perhaps causing confusion.

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From the burial register of Bethahaim Velho Cemetery, Published by the Jewish Historical Society of England and transcribed by R. D. Barnett.

The register gives us dates for the burials in the "Bethahaim Velho" or Old Cemetery. The dates are listed as per the Jewish calendar.

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From the civil records of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

The Amsterdam Municipal Archives possess a complete set of registers of intended marriages from 1578 to 1811, the year when the present Civil Registry was started. Between 1598 and 1811, 15238 Jewish couples were entered in these books. Both the number of records and the volume of data that may be extracted from them are unprecedented.

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From the publication, "Los Sefardíes" (The Sephardim),by Jose M. Estrugo. Published by Editorial Lex La Habana, 1958.(Surnames common among the Sephardim)

When the Romans conquered the Jewish nation in 70 CE, much of the Jewish population was sent into exile throughout the Roman Empire. Many were sent to the Iberian peninsula. The area became known by the Hebrew word "Sepharad". The JEWS in SPAIN and PORTUGAL became known as "Sephardim" or and those things associated with the SEPHARDIM including names, customs, genealogy and religious rituals, became known as SEPHARDIC.

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From the records of Bevis Marks, The Spanish and Portuguese Congregation of London

Bevis Marks is the Sephardic synagogue in London. It is over 300 years old and is the oldest still in use in Britain.The Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation of London has published several volumes of its records: they can be found in libraries such as the Cambridge University Library or the London Metropolitan Archive

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Sangre Judía 2 - La brillante estela de los españoles expulsados by Pere Bonnin (2010). A name List of Jews of Mallorca that converted to Christianity in 1391, (pp. 378-383), Barcelona: Flor del Viento Ediciones.

This book was written by Pere Bonnin, a philosopher, journalist and writer from Sa Pobla (Mallorca). As the author explains, this book emerged as a consequence of the aftermath of his previous book: Sangre Judia (Jewish Blood) and from the many questions that readers have asked since that publication in 1998. This book focuses on the Jews who were expelled from territories that were under the Spanish Catholic Kings sovereignty. A prehistoric and historic overview up until the 20th Century is provided, paying particular attention to the issue of Jewish surnames, a topic of constant reference throughout the entire work. The study points to linguistic coincidences between Spanish and Hebrew, such as the common root of Hebrew and Iberian. In the chapter "Fieles a sus raíces" (p. 93) Bonnin presents a thorough study of surnames of Jewish origin, focusing on both their formation and evolution over different historic periods. In this context, the researcher refers to the biblical origin of some surnames (e.g. Peres on page 98). He also presents a long list of names classified into categories according to their meanings: animals, plants, geographic features, places, kinship, physical attributes, etc. This chapter also hosts a sinuous tour inside Jewish communities of the Old Continent, stopping on the most important, and highlighting the most prominent people of their times. In the third part, "La aventura del Nuevo Mundo ", the author discusses the predominant role that Jews and Conversos played in the discovery and conquest of the Americas. The book also includes an Appendix with two name lists: the first, with the most frequent toponymic Spanish surnames , and the second, with names of Jews from Mallorca that converted to Christianity as a result of the pogroms in 1931.

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Ruth Reyes, "Sephardic Family Names from Puerto Rico", The Casa Shalom Journal, Volume 10, Published by The Institute for Marrano-Anusim Studies, Gan Yavneh, Israel 2008

This list is compiled from a catalogue the author found on a visit to Puerto Rico in the Museum of San Juan.

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Laurence Abensur-Hazan. La Boz del Pueblo,(The People's Voice) from "CGJ: Cercle de Genealogie Juive", the Jewish Genealogical Society in France, Publication No. 49,t.13, Paris, 1997.

Genealogical data records on Jews from Izmir from "La Boz del Puevlo", by Laurence Abensur-Hazan. The author is a founder and president of Etsi ("my tree" in Hebrew), the Sephardi Historical and Genealogical Society based in Paris. A graduate notary and lawyer, she is currently a professional genealogist in Paris. She works on the French naturalization of Jews from the Ottoman Empire and on the Alliance Israelite Universelle Archives.

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Bernard Allali. La saga des noms des familles juives tunisiennes(The saga of the names of Tunisian Jewish families) en "Le Voyage Loisirs", France, 1977

The story of Jewish surnames in Tunisia.

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George Anticoni. List of members of the Sephardic Synagogue in London.

The author is Chairman of The Jewish Genealogical Society of Great Britain. The Jewish Genealogical Society of Great Britain has a searchable database of more than 20,000 Jews who were living in Great Britain in 1851. The database covers mainly England, Wales and Scotland with a few additions from Ireland, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. It is estimated that more than half the Jewish population at that time is represented.

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Margalit Bejarano. La Comunidad Hebrea de Cuba. La Memoria y la Historia (The Jewish Commuity of Cuba), published by Institute of Contemporary Judaism of Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 1996.

Margalit Bejarano, the leading scholar of Cuba's interwar Jewish community, has produced a fruitful collection of short testimonies from more than five dozen men and women who lived in Cuba before 1959.The bulk of the oral history research was carried out in South Florida, as the overwhelming majority of Cuban Jews were driven out of the island. Her book is organized into five sections. Chapter 1 deals with the early days of Jewish life on the island, going all the way back to the beginning of the century.The entries deal with both Sephardi and Ashkenazi immigration, and offer rich detail about the difficulties of life faced by the first arrivals.

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Samuel Isaac Benchimol."Eretz Amazonia. Os Judeus na Amazonia" (The Jews of the Amazons), Manaus, 1998.

Samuel Isaac Benchimol was born on July 13, 1923 in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. He was a writer (with 110 published works), member of the Academia Amazonense de Letras), professor (Emeritus at the Universidade do Amazonas, where he taught for over 50 years), community leader (served as president of the Amazonas Jewish Community from 1975-1985) and businessman. His vast body of intellectual work includes books and articles. His dedication to his community culminated with the publication of this work, “Eretz Amazônia”. Professor Benchimol took it upon himself to visit every Jewish cemetery in the Amazon, listing all the surnames. Later, tracking these surnames, he was able to determine which were the Amazonian families of Jewish origin, extrapolating as in the case of the surname Assayag, nowadays used by thousands of families, many of them assimilated and converted to Christianity.

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Marcelo Benveniste, List of Holocaust Victims (online)

List of names based on the book "The Jewish Martyrs of Rhodes and Cos" by Hizkia Franco (Rhodes, 1947) and in "History of the Jews of Rhodes, Chios and Cos" (Istanbul, 1948) by Abraham Galante. Revised and corrected by David Galante and Rita Eskenazi de Levitus.

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Synagogue Beth Yaacov Sao Paulo, list of members, Sao Paulo, 1996.

There are about 96,500 Jews in Brazil today. The current Jewish community is mostly composed of Ashkenazi Jews of Polish and German descent and also Sephardic Jews of Spanish, Portuguese, and North African descent. Brazilian Jews play an active role in politics, sports, academia, trade and industry, and are overall well integrated in all spheres of Brazilian life. The majority of Brazilian Jews live in the State of São Paulo although there are sizeable communities elsewhere. Jews lead an open religious life in Brazil and there are schools, associations and synagogues where Brazilian Jews can practice and pass on Jewish culture and traditions. The Beit Yaakov synagogue, in Sao Paulo, Brazil, is an imposing temple, built in the 90s, a gift of the brothers Joseph and Moise Safra to the Jewish community of Sao Paulo. Also known as the Safra Synagogue, it is the largest synagogue in the city of São Paulo.

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Morrie Camhi. Faces and Facets. The Jews of Greece, New York, 1995.

The late Morrie Camhi, a distinguished Californian photographer and descendant of Greek Sephardic Jews, visited Greece and produced portraits of some of the members of that community. His subjects are depicted in the context of their daily lives. As such, the images constitute exquisite historical documents.

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Paul Armony. "Apellidos sefardies mas frecuentes obtenidos de los cementerios Avellaneda - Lomas de Zamora - Ciudadela (Acis y Asia) - Tablada Sefaradi y Bancalari" (Common sephardic names as taken from the Avellaneda Cemetery). SEFARAires Nº9 / 2003 página 7.

Paul Armony, President of the Jewish Genealogy Association in Argentina, collected and organized 19,060 records from six Jewish Sephardic cemeteries in Argentina. Of the 3682 surnames of deceased found there, 58% were found to have the same 334 surnames.

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List of the Interior Ministry -Sepharadic Community of Chile, Chile, 1999.

Several of the very first explorers to Chile were accompanied by Conversos. Legend maintains that the very first explorer in 1535, Diego de Almagro, came with a Converso by the name of Rodrigo de Orgonos. Five years later, Pedro de Valdivia, another conquistador, came with Diego Garcia de Caceres of Plasencia, Spain, who is also believed to have been a Converso. Scandals erupted in 1621 after the genealogy of Caceres was traced to include many prominent families in Santiago, including the founder of the Chilean independence movement, General José Miguel Carrera. Caceres' family roots were published in a pamphlet entitled La Ovandina, but the arrival of the Inquisition at that time forbade the circulation of the pamphlet, which was reprinted in 1915. The court of the Inquisition established in Lima in 1570 also had authority over what is now Chile, and the first auto-de-fé was held shortly afterward. Nevertheless, the Crypto-Jewish settlement in this relatively remote outpost of the Spanish Empire continued to grow. The persecution of Conversos ceased when the country gained formal independence from Spain in 1818. Jews have achieved prominent positions in the Chilean government and other realms of influence, and have played a key part in the founding of the country, both before and after its independence in 1818

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Sao Paulo Chevra Kadisha, List of people buried, Sao Paulo 1997.

The Chevra Kadisha (Jewish Burial Society) of Sao Paulo is a Society founded in February 25, 1923, to care for the burial of the Jews of Sao Paulo (city and state). The Society currently runs 4 Jewish cemeteries in Sao Paulo. The research was conducted in three ways: reading the tombstones, a consulting the list of deaths until 24 September 1997, and from the society's records and books. The list of deaths, organized by Prof. Solomon, has the name of the deceased, the grave location and the date of his burial. The books are more detailed, with biographical data, which includes the city of origin, thus enabling it to be confirmed as Sephardic. This is a formal record of one of the most important Jewish communities in Latin America, showing how the country was very attractive for Jews from different and distant locations.

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Dov Cohen. "Fuentes para la Genealogia de los Judios de Izmir (Esmirna)(Sources for the Genealogy of the Jews of Izmir (Smyrna)" Boletin n° 2 p. 18-9 Sociedad Argentina de Genealogia Judaica, Buenos Aires, dec 1996.

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Joseph Covo. The Jewish community and family names of Sephardic Jews in Ruschuk (Rousse), Bulgaria, in Etsi n° 15, vol. 4, pp. 10-13, Paris, 2001.

Joseph Covo, is a native of Sofia, Bulgaria. He holds a B.A. in political science and journalism and an M.A. in international law from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He immigrated to Palestine in 1944 after spending two years in a forced labor camp during World War II. After the establishment of the State of Israel and service in the Israel Defense Forces, he was sent by the Jewish Agency to South America to promote the Aliya of young Jews. He devoted his career to the advancement of Israeli technological training systems in Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries. After retiring he studied Ladino literature at Bar Ilan University. His book on the history of the Jews of Bulgaria was published in 2002. In the newly-liberated Bulgaria of the late 19th century, Ruse was a cosmopolitan city with a multi-ethnic population. According to the first census conducted in 1883, Ruse was populated by 26,156 people,of which 1943 were Sephardic Jews.

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Michel Hanono. List of Members from the Sepharadic Community of Panama, Panama, 1998.

A list organized by Mr. Hanono with the members of the local Sepharadic Community. Most of the families were from Aleppo (Syria).

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Egon and Frieda Wolff. Biographical Dictionary (II).Jews in Brazil. Century XIX, Rio de Janeiro, 1987.

Egon (1910-1981) and Frieda Wolff (1911-2009). The couple came off a ship in Santos, on February, 12, 1936. They were newly-married and managed to arrive in Brazil after escaping the Nazis, after both having graduated from the University of Berlin. They settled in San Paulo, where they worked as merchants and achieved prosperity as opticians. Later, they moved to Rio de Janeiro, still working in the same field and becoming very active in the local Jewish Community. Mr. Egon became President of the Jewish Hospital. In the 1960's, Mrs. Frieda Wolff said that "curiosity about Jewish immigration to Brazil and the lack of satisfactory answers" required that something be done. The couple then abandoned their other activities to dedicate themselves to their research. Tireless travelers, they started at the National Library, went on to the National Archive, traveled all over cemeteries, Jewish and gentile, throughout the country. They wrote down names, data and genealogy. The couple interviewed hundreds of people, compared thousands of pages; and discovered a number of precious items, like the Jewish tombstones in the city of Vassouras, which became a Historical Monument of the XIX Century and is now a must for tourists visiting the city. The quality of their work led the Brazilian Historical and Geographical Institute to invite them to become members of that prestigious Institute. Their books have undeniable historical value, especially their Seven Biographical Dictionaries. Their "Jews in Brazil in the Nineteenth Century" is the second part of the seven.

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Maurice Eisenbeth. The Jews of North Africa, Demographics & Omnastics, Argelia, 1936.

There are two parts to this study by a rabbi from Algeria: The first is the demography and the occupation of Jewish families in North Africa, including those who settled there after the expulsion. The second part of this work is a study of North African Jewish names. The goal of this research was to record family surnames and the locations where they were found. This work is a good source for onomastical origins.

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Esther Fintz Menasce. Gli Ebrei a Rodi (The Jews in Rhodes), Edizioni. Angelo Guerini e Associati, Milano, 1992.

This book is more than a history of what was the Jewish community of Rhodes - it is a vibrant chronicle of how the Jews have survived and how they have been perceived by travelers from other lands, and recounts their intimate relationships, their language, their folklore and their religious festivities. The text is enriched with 254 pages of documents in several languages dealing with governmental, communal, commercial and personal communications, photographs, maps (some dating back to the 15th century),musical notations, newspaper excerpts and much more. All this research is presented in a style that charms the reader.

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List of surnames of Jews residing in Toledo prior to expulsion edict.

From Nahman Family Research.

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Liliana Picciotto Fargion.Il Libro Della Memoria, Gli ebrei deportati dall'Italia 1943-1945 (The Book of Memory:Jews Deported from Italy 1943-1945), Mursia, 1991.

This meticulously and painstakingly researched work reconstructs the deportation of Italian Jewry to the German death camps. Out of a Jewish population that by 1943 had been reduced by emigration to slightly over 40,000 (of whom 6,500 were foreigners), 6,746 were deported from Italy proper, and another 1,820 from the Dodecanese, Italian possessions in the Aegean. An additional 303 Jews were killed on Italian soil. Identities of at least 900-1,100 other victims have not been established. This work lists in precise demographic detail the names of the known deceased together with the date and place of each arrest, initial place of incarceration, date of departure for Auschwitz, convoy number (forty-four trains set out from Italy), date of debarkation at the camp (the journey took about five days), and date of execution. For most, this was the same day as arrival. The cover photo of this book shows two-year-old Fiorella Anticoli, seized with her entire family in the infamous roundup of almost 1,300 Roman Jews on 16 October 1943. The arrests were carried out by units of the S.S. specially trained for such "actions" and sent to the Italian capital for the purpose. Working under the very walls of the Vatican, the operation had to be carried out as efficiently and with as little tumult and commotion as possible.

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Vibeke Sealtiel Olsen. List of poor Jews who were removed from Amsterdam and received financial assistance to go live in other countries (1757- 1813), Website, Amsterdam, 1999.

This list organized by Olsen relates the names of Jews who received assistance from the Dutch community to emigrate to other countries. The list covers the period 1759-1813 with all the names of the poor Sephardic Jews who were granted Tzedaka(charity) - an amount in Dutch florins- against the promise to leave Amsterdam and not to return within the next 15 years. Despite the image of wealth in this community, this was not the reality. The author Crespo Fabiao, describes the local social pyramid: "On one occasion, during a wedding celebration in the community, the combined wealth of 40 of the guests exceeded 40 million guilders ... By the late eighteenth century, more than half of 2,800 members of the Sephardic-Jewish from the main Synagogue of Amsterdam received financial assistance, and around 17,500 of the Ashkenazim Jews (from a total of 20,304) of that city, were classified as homeless."

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Matilde Gini de Barnatan. Patronymes. Sovre Siertes Alkunyas Sefaradis / Los Judios en Murcia / Los San Roman de Zamora: del siglo XV hasta nuestros dias, Madrid.

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La Designation d' un Grand Rabbin de Tunisie en 1928 (The appointment of a Chief Rabbi of Tunisia in 1928), in Revue des Etudes Juives, CLI, Paris, jan/jun 1992.

From literary and archaeological sources, evidence has been gathered of a rich Jewish communal life in Tunisia going back some 2300 years. This article discusses the changes that came about with the introduction of the French protectorate in 1881. The French intervened in all areas of Jewish communal life, so far as to decide on the appointment of the chief rabbi of all Tunisia, which was to be a French Jew. This decision aroused a revolt in the community, who strongly opposed it, demanding the appointment of a Chief Rabbi of Tunisian origin. The Conservative Party took the lead in drafting a petition calling on the entire Jewish population of the Regency to support this view and won: Rabbi Youssef Guez, a Tunisian Jewish native, was elected in 1928 to the post of Chief Rabbi of Tunisia, and remained so until his death in 1934.

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Joseph Toledano. Une Histoire de familles. Les Noms de Famille Juifs d'Afrique du Nord (A family story. The Family names of Jews from North Africa). Jerusalem, 1998

The author is descended from one of the important Jewish families of North Africa, that settled in Morocco in 1492 after fleeing the Inquisition. The book which has 870 pages and is arranged like an encyclopedia with onomastics entries, brings valuable information on 1250 family groups from North Africa, their family names, and location in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.

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Jean Pierre Filippini. Il Porto di Livorno e La Toscana (1676-1814)(The Port of Livorno and Tuscany 1676-1814), Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, Napoli, 1998.

Contains the census of Jews in Livorno in 1809.

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Jean Pierre Filippini. Ebrel emigrati, ed immigrati nel porto di Livorno durante il periodo napoleonico (Jewish emigrants and immigrants in the Port of Livorno during the Napoleonic period), in La Rassegna Mensile di Israel, vol. XLVIII, Rome, jan/jun 1982.

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Joseph Toledano. La Saga des Familles. Les Juifs du Maroc et leurs noms (The story of the families: The Moroccan Jews and their names).

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Ketuboth van de Portugees-Israelietische Gemeente te Amsterdam van 1650-1911 (Index of Ketuboth of the Portuguese Jewish Congregation in Amsterdam from 1650 and 1911). D. Verdooner and H.J.W.Snel.

The Portuguese Jewish Community in Amsterdam was formed by Marranos who returned to Judaism after they had been converted to Catholicism in 1492 (Spain) and 1497 (Portugal). Families who lived in Toledo before 1492 reappear in Amsterdam in the 17th century, showing that for five generations (120 years) they succeeded in maintaining some form of Judaism behind the Catholic image. In the Amsterdam Municipality between 1598 and 1811 about 15,000 marriage certificates of Jews were registered. This Index mainly pertains to the richer and influential Sephardic community of Amsterdam. The great merchants, ship owners, rabbis and philosophers (Spinoza, Menasse ben Israel, Isaac Aboab da Fonseca) all appear on it. There are also families from other Sephardic communities from Livorno and Tunis. Many times weddings represented the creation and maintenance of commercial alliances.

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Plaque honoring the victims of the Holocaust who belong to the Synagogue "Kahal Shalom", Rhodes

In July 1944 the Nazis rounded up the more than 1600 Jews of Rhodes and sent them off to Auschwitz. Only 120 men and 30 women survived the ordeal.

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Abraham Isaac Laredo. Les Noms des Juifs du Maroc,(Names of the Moroccan Jews), 1978.

Among scholars, this is considered one of the leading works on Judeo-Moroccan onomastics.Contain names,origins and variants.

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Rene Milar Corbacho. Las Confiscaciones de la Inquisicion de Lima a los Comerciantes de origen Judio-Portugues de 'La Gran Cumplicidad' (The seizure of goods as confiscated by the Inquisition from Lima Merchants of Jewish-Portuguese origin), in Revista de Indias, Madrid, jan/jun 1983.

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Gary Mokotoff. Avotaynu.

Gary Mokotoff is a noted author, lecturer and leader of Jewish genealogy. He has been recognized by three major genealogical groups for his achievements. Avotaynu, The International Review of Jewish Genealogy, was founded in 1985 as a 20-page semiannual; it has grown to 68-page quarterly that is one of the most respected magazines in genealogy. The Avotaynu Consolidated Jewish Surname Index (CJSI) enables search by surname on 42 different databases.

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A. Rodriguez-Monino. Les Judaisants a Badajoz de 1493 a 1599 (Secret Jews in Badajoz from 1493 until 1599), Paris, 1956.

This article includes a list of 231 condemned in chronological order and a list ordered by family names.

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Emma Moya. New Mexico's Sephardim: Uncovering Jewish Roots in La Herencia del Norte: Our Past, Our Present, Our Future, Vol. XII, Winter 1996. (www.herencia.com).

According to author, Emma Moya, in an article written for La Herencia Del Norte, Volume XXII, Winter, 1996, there is evidence that many of the families who settled in New Spain were forced to convert to Catholicism during the Spanish and Mexican Inquisition. The article goes on to list many relevant Sephardic names.

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Michael Molho. Surnames of the Sephardic Jews in Salonika, Madrid, 1950.

This work focuses on the rich cultural traditions and heritage of the largest Sephardic Jewish Community in the Balkans and provides names of the Sephardic Jews from the Salonica community.

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Morasha website : Corfu Jews

It is not known exactly when the Jews settled in Corfu.It is believed that they were in the Ionian islands from the Roman era, as reported by the historian and archaeologist Hebrew Josephus. This site contains an overview of the history of the Jewish population of Corfu and names of some Jewish families from the island.

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Giovanni Bernardo De Rossi, Dizionario Storico Degli Autori Ebrei e Delle Loro Opere, 1802 (Historical Dictionary of Jewish authors and their works), Dalla Reale Stamparia-Parma, Ristampa Arnaldo Forni Editore, 1978

Giovanni Bernando de Rossi's "Dictionary" is a bibilographical work on approximatly 700 Hebrew authors and their books. His listings are augumented by considerable information and insights over a wide spectrum of Hebrew literature. De Rossi's work also informs as to translations and the reception of Hebrew books in the Hebrew literature. De Rossi's work also informs as to translations and the reception of Hebrew books in the surrounding, non-Jewish society. This book which was written in Portuguese is available in English version.

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Mario Javier Saban, "Judios Conversos: Los Antepasados Judios de las Familias Tradicionales Argentinas ",(Jewish Converts: Jewish Ancestors of the Traditional Argentinian Families), I,II-Nuestros Hermanos Mayores, Buenos Aires, 1991/1992.

Portuguese of Jewish descent entered Argentina as early as 1580. Non-Catholics endured religious persecution until about 1813, when the Inquisition was officially abolished. This book traces the immigration of converted Jews from Portugal to Argentina and Brazil. It contains over one hundred pages of genealogies.

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Samuel Benchimol. Judeus no Ciclo da Borracha,(Jews in the Rubber Age), Manaus, 1994.

Professor Samuel Benchimol estimates that between 1810 and 1850, before the rubber boom, about 300 Sephardic Jewish families emigrated to the Amazons, and between 1851 and 1910, another 700 arrived. At first, these immigrants found their way to the small towns of the interior of Pará and Amazonas, as Cameta, Almeirim, Obidos, Santarem, Itaituba, Itacoatiara, Tefé, Humaita, Porto Velho, and Belém where they found employment in offices and shops,or trading activities. Later, in the heyday of the boom, they began to advance economically as tenants and owners of rubber plantations in the interior, or as buyers of local products, in the streets of Bethlehem and Manaus. This Jewish immigration of the 19th century did not have the privelege of an organized Jewish community in Manaus and other cities. Only after the rubber boom receded was a strong Jewish Community established in the state capital.

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Samuel Schaerf. I Cognomi Degli Ebrei d'Italia, (The Surnames of the Jews of Italy), Casa Editrice Israel, Firenze, 1925.

Lists about 1650 Jewish surnames corresponding to about ten thousand families extracted from the archives of Keren Hajesod of Italy in the 1920's. This book traces etymologies of some surnames and has a list of Jewish families who became aristocratic.

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A descoberta da Amazonia. A aventura dos judeus marroquinos que desbravam o Norte do Pais (The Discovery of the Amazon: The adventure of Moroccan Jews that opened the North Country), in Revista Shalom No 221; Sao Paulo,1984.

The second organized Jewish community in Brazilian history, in modern times, was founded in Belém, capital of the State of Pará in the north, in 1840. It was made up of Jews who had come from Morocco. The immigrants were attracted by the wealth derived from the rubber economy. They established the first modern synagogue in the country, Eshel Abraham, in 1823, which was followed in 1826 by the second one, Shaar Hashamaim. Revival of the rubber industry between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th attracted more immigrants from Morocco who formed small communities in other places in northern Brazil.There were also small Moroccan centers in the Amazonas, another northern state,in places such as Itacoatiara, Cametá, Paratintins, Óbidos, Santarém, Humaitá, and others.

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Egon and Frieda Wolff. Sepulturas de israelitas (Israeli Graves), S. Francisco Xavier (RJ), Rio de Janeiro, 1976.

The Iconography of Tombstones represent a recently recognized yet still largely neglected source for unraveling the historical past. Cemetery and gravestone study is increasingly multi-disciplinary, involving the arts, humanities, and social sciences, and while studies date back more than 100 years, it is still an emerging field.The investigation of Jewish sepulchres also commenced in the second half of the nineteenth century.The destruction of Jewish cemeteries through the ages, which has obliterated many ancestral records and monuments has also contributed to this scholarly neglect.

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Ercole Sori.  La comunità ebraica ad Ancona: la storia, le tradizioni, l'evoluzione sociale, i personaggi , Ancona, (The Jewish Community in Ancona) 1995.

The history, traditions, social development and characters of Ancona, prepared for the Department of Cultural Assets & Activities of the Ancona Municipality. The Jewish community of Ancona dates back to around 1300. In 1427 the Franciscan frairs tried to force the Jews of Ancona to wear the Jewish badge and to live in a single street, but apparently this attempt was unsuccessful. After the expulsion of the Jews from the Spanish Territories in 1492 refugees began to arrive in Ancona, to be joined later by others from the Kingdom of Naples. As Ancona was about to be declared a free port, Pope Paul III invited merchants from the Levant to settle in Ancona regardless of their religion. Promising protection against the Inquisition he encouraged the settlement of Jews and crypto-Jews. Thus many Jewish merchants took advantage of the harbor facilities and settled in town to trade with the Levant. About one hundred Portuguese crypto-Jewish families settled in Ancona.

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Mathilde Tagger. Juifs natifs de Turquie parmi les deportes de France (Turkish Jews among the French native deportees), in Revue du CGJ No 53, Paris, 1998.

Sephardic genealogist and award-winning author Dr. Jeffrey Malka has a wonderful Sephardic resources website: www.sephardicgen.com Mathilde Tagger of Jerusalem - award-winning co-author of "Guidebook for Sephardic and Oriental Genealogical Sources in Israel" - has placed the many databases she has created on Dr. Malka's website.

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Jacques Taieb. Etre Juif au Maghreb a la Veille de la Colonisation,(To be a Jew in North Africa on the eve of colonization), Paris, 1994.

The author paints a portrait of North African Jewry, in a period relatively unknown, before the advent of colonization. There is a more or less peaceful coexistence between Muslims and Jews. They benefit from a special status - the "dhimma" - which makes them second class citizens, mostly tolerated , despite some isolated pogroms. But beyond this a drawing of a charming community emerges here.

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Leon Taranto. Izmir and Rhodes: Taranto family origins, archives and links to other Sephardim, in Etsi No 15, Paris, dec 2002.

ETSI (a Paris-based, bilingual French-English periodical) is devoted exclusively to Sephardic genealogy and is published by the Sephardi Genealogical and Historical Society (SGHS). It was founded by Dr. Philip Abensur, and his professional genealogist wife, Laurence Abensur-Hazan. ETSI's worldwide base of authors publish articles identifying a broad spectrum of archival material of importance to the Sephardic genealogist. A useful feature of ETSI is the listing, on the back cover, of all Sephardic family names, and places of origin, cited in the articles contained in each issue

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Paulo Valadares Collection, Campinas.

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